Passage 12

What makes a person a scientist?Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others?The answer is“no”.It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that make him a scientist.You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter.You will probably agree,too,that knowing how to investigate,how to discover information,is important to everyone.The scientist,however,goes one step further,he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons.He also works to fit the answer he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works.

是什么使一个普通人成为科学家？他有与从不同的学习方法和工具吗？答案是否定的。不是因为科学家使用的工具，而是因为他使用工具的方法使他成为科学家。你也许认同怎么用力对一名木匠来说很重要。你也许也认同怎么研究调查，发现信息对每个人来说都很重要。然而，科学家比这更进一步，他必须确定他对自己的问题得出了一个合理的答案，并且他的答案通过别人也可以得到证实。他同时把自己得出的许多答案归结为一个系统的关于世界如何运作的观点。

The scientist’s knowledge must be exact.There is no room for half right or right just half the time.He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit.What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times.If the conditions are different,any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions.This is one reason that investigations are important in science.Albert Einstein,who developed the theory of relativity,arrived at this theory through mathematics.The accuracy of this mathematics was later tested through investigations,Einstein’s ideas were shown to be correct.A scientist uses many tools for measurements.Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.

科学家的知识必须很确切。不能给半错半对或者只有一半机会对的情况留任何空间。他必须在条件允许的情况下尽可能正确。在一种条件下成功一次的话必须在同样的条件下都能成功。如果条件不同，科学家在证明过程中观察到的任何变化都必须解释他的条件是如何变化的。这是关于调查研究在科学研究中十分重要的其中一个理由。爱因斯坦通过数学方法提出了相对论。他的数学运用的正确性被后人通过调查研究的方法证实该理论是正确的。一个科学家会用很多工具来测量。测量的结果用来进行数学计算，再进行调查研究的测试。

11.What makes a scientist according to the passage?根据这篇文章的观点科学家是如何来的？

A.The tools he uses.B.The way he uses his tools.他使用工具的方法

C.His way of learning.D.The various tools he uses.

12.“The scientist,however,goes one step further…”.The author says this to show _______.

“然而，科学家比这更进一步……”作者这么说是为了说明什么？

A.the importance of information

B.the importance of thinking

C.the difference between scientists and ordinary people科学家与普通人的区别

D.the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs

13.A sound scientific theory should be one that _______.一项伟大的科学理论应该是怎么样的？

A.works not only under one set of conditions at one time,but also under the same conditions at other times

不仅只在一种条件下一次可行，而是要在同样的条件下一直可行。

B.does not allow any changes even under different conditions

C.can be used for many purposes

D.leave no room for improvement

14.The author quotes the case of Albert Einstein to illustrate _______.作者引用爱因斯坦的例子是为了证明什么？

A.that measurements are keys to success in science

B.that accuracy of mathematics

C.that the investigations are important in science调查研究在科学领域十分重要。

D.that the mathematical calculations may test his investigations

15.What is the main idea of the passage?这篇文章的中心意思是什么？

A.The theory of relativity.

B.Exactness is the core of science.

C.Scientists are different from ordinary people.

D.Exactness and ways of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.

确切性和使用工具的方法是成为科学家的重要因素。